Guardianship Law

Published on: July 3, 2024

In re Isabela P. (Anonymous) No. 2020-01085 (N.Y. App. Div. Jun. 9, 2021)

by Stephen Bilkis

A determination of neglect signifies a legal finding that a parent or caretaker has failed to provide adequate care, supervision, or guardianship for a child. It means that the court has concluded, based on the evidence presented, that the child’s physical, mental, or emotional well-being has been impaired or is at risk of impairment due to the parent or caretaker’s actions or omissions. This determination is typically made after a thorough assessment of the circumstances surrounding the child’s care and any evidence of harm or potential harm to the child.

This case revolves around a father’s appeal from an order of disposition issued by the Family Court, Queens County, dated September 4, 2019. The order, made after a fact-finding and dispositional hearing, found that the father neglected the subject child and released the child to the custody of the nonrespondent mother. The father contests this decision, prompting an appeal.

Background Facts

Published on: June 5, 2024

Court considered the validity of the restrictions imposed on the father’s parental access to his children. In re Fatuma I., 2022 N.Y. Slip Op. 7234 (N.Y. App. Div. 2022)

by Stephen Bilkis

In In re Fatuma I., 2022 N.Y. Slip Op. 7234 (N.Y. App. Div. 2022), the father appeals from an order dated January 13, 2022, which imposed restrictions on his parental access to his children. The court directed that the father could only have supervised access and prohibited him from being alone with the children or staying overnight in their home.

Background Facts

The subject children were removed from their parents’ care in 2015 due to allegations of sexual abuse and derivative abuse. Derivative abuse refers to a situation where a child has been subjected to abuse or neglect as a result of being in the care of someone who has abused or neglected them indirectly. For example, if a child is exposed to domestic violence between their parents or caregivers, even if they are not the direct target of the abuse, they may still suffer emotional or psychological harm, which is considered derivative abuse. Similarly, if a child witnesses substance abuse or other harmful behaviors by a caregiver, it can have detrimental effects on their well-being, constituting derivative abuse. Essentially, it involves harm suffered by a child due to the actions or behaviors of those responsible for their care, even if the abuse or neglect is not directly inflicted upon the child themselves.

Published on: May 1, 2024

Extending kinship guardianship assistance. In re Jaquan L., 2020 N.Y. Slip Op. 213 (N.Y. App. Div. 2020)

by Stephen Bilkis

Kinship guardianship assistance payments in New York, often referred to as KinGap, are financial subsidies provided to relative caregivers who assume legal guardianship of children in their care. These payments are intended to support the guardians in meeting the needs of the children. Some examples of what the payments can be used for included:

Housing expenses such as rent or mortgage payments, utilities, property taxes, and other housing-related costs to ensure stable and safe living conditions for the children.
Food and nutrition such as purchasing groceries, meals, and other food items to meet the nutritional needs of the children.

Published on: April 24, 2024

Whether by naming drug using friend as guardian of her child amounted to neglect on the part of the mother. Ulster Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Ashley Y. (In re Annaleigh X.), 205 A.D.3d 1109 (N.Y. App. Div. 2022)

by Stephen Bilkis

Ulster Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Ashley Y. (In re Annaleigh X.), 205 A.D.3d 1109 (N.Y. App. Div. 2022) involves allegations of neglect against a mother in Ulster County, New York. The case raises important issues regarding parental responsibility and the duty to provide proper supervision and guardianship to children.

In New York, neglect of a child is defined as a failure by a parent or caretaker to provide proper supervision or guardianship, resulting in the impairment or imminent danger of impairment to the child’s physical, mental, or emotional well-being. This failure to exercise a minimum degree of care encompasses situations where the child’s condition has been or is in imminent danger of being impaired due to the caregiver’s actions or inaction.

The key element in determining neglect is whether a reasonable and prudent parent would have acted differently under similar circumstances. Neglect can occur when a parent or caretaker knew or should have known of circumstances that required action to prevent harm to the child but failed to take appropriate measures.

Published on: April 17, 2024

Court considered whether a child’s father should be awarded guardianship following the death of her mother. Nicole L. v. David M., 195 A.D.3d 1058 (N.Y. App. Div. 2021)

by Stephen Bilkis

Guardianship of a child in New York involves the legal authority granted to an individual or entity to make important decisions regarding the care, welfare, and upbringing of a child who is not their biological or adoptive child. This authority is typically granted by a court and is necessary when the child’s parents are unable or unwilling to fulfill their parental responsibilities adequately.

A guardian assumes responsibility for the child’s physical, emotional, and financial well-being, including providing food, shelter, medical care, education, and guidance. Guardianship grants the guardian the authority to make decisions on behalf of the child, such as healthcare choices, educational enrollment, and participation in extracurricular activities. The guardian is also responsible for ensuring that the child’s basic needs are met and that they receive appropriate support and supervision.

In Nicole L. v. David M., 195 A.D.3d 1058 (N.Y. App. Div. 2021), a case heard by the Family Court of Columbia County, the court evaluated competing claims for custody and guardianship of a young child following the tragic death of her mother. The case involved multiple parties, including the child’s father, maternal aunt, and the mother’s former live-in boyfriend.

Published on: April 10, 2024

Appellate Court considered a guardianship case related to seeking a special immigrant juvenile status. Juan R.E.M. v. Juan R.E. 2017 N.Y. Slip Op. 6977 (N.Y. App. Div. 2017)

by Stephen Bilkis

Juan R.E.M. v. Juan R.E. 2017 N.Y. Slip Op. 6977 (N.Y. App. Div. 2017) revolves around the efforts of a child to obtain special immigrant juvenile status (SIJS) in the United States. SIJS was designed to provide protection to immigrant children who have been abused, abandoned, or neglected by one or both parents. Established under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), SIJS aims to safeguard vulnerable minors who have faced hardships in their home countries and are unable to reunify with their parents due to these circumstances. This status offers a pathway for these children to obtain lawful permanent residency in the U.S., ensuring their safety and well-being.

The eligibility criteria for SIJS are specific and stringent, requiring applicants to meet both immigration and state court dependency standards. To qualify, the applicant must be under 21 years old and unmarried, and they must have been declared dependent on a juvenile court due to abuse, abandonment, or neglect by one or both parents. Additionally, the court must determine that it is not in the child’s best interest to be returned to their home country and that they would benefit from remaining in the United States. This dual requirement, involving both immigration and state court proceedings, underscores the complexity of the SIJS process.

One of the key features of SIJS is that it provides a pathway for undocumented immigrant children to obtain legal status in the U.S., even if they entered the country unlawfully or overstayed their visas. This is crucial as it prevents these vulnerable minors from falling through the cracks of the immigration system and facing potential deportation to unsafe environments. By granting them lawful permanent residency, SIJS allows these children to access essential rights and protections, including the ability to work legally, pursue education, and access healthcare services.

Published on: April 3, 2024

Court considered whether to change the goal for placement of the child from adoption to guardianship. Rebecca B. v. Michael B. 152 A.D.3d 675 (N.Y. App. Div. 2017)

by Stephen Bilkis

In New York Family Court, a permanency hearing is a legal proceeding designed to determine the long-term plan for children who have been removed from their homes due to abuse, neglect, or other circumstances endangering their well-being. These hearings aim to establish a stable and secure environment for the children involved.

During a permanency hearing, the court reviews the progress and circumstances of the child, the child’s family, and any involved agencies since the child’s placement into foster care. It evaluates various factors, including the child’s safety, well-being, and the efforts made towards family reunification or alternative permanency goals, such as adoption or guardianship.

The hearing allows all parties, including the child’s biological parents, foster parents, legal guardians, and representatives from child welfare agencies, to present evidence, testimony, and recommendations regarding the child’s future placement and care. The court considers the child’s best interests as paramount in making its decision.

Published on: March 27, 2024

Daphne M. v. Wanda J. (In re Caleesta S.) 200 A.D.3d 504 (N.Y. App. Div. 2021)

by Stephen Bilkis

In Daphne M. v. Wanda J. (In re Caleesta S.) 200 A.D.3d 504 (N.Y. App. Div. 2021), the court had to determine whether a nonparent should be granted guardianship of a child over a parent.

In New York, circumstances may arise where a nonparent is considered for guardianship over a child instead of a parent. This typically occurs in situations where the child’s parents are unable to provide proper care or when extraordinary circumstances warrant the appointment of a nonparent guardian. Such scenarios often involve the death or incapacity of one or both parents, leading a nonparent relative or family friend to seek guardianship to fulfill the child’s needs.

Additionally, if a parent has abandoned the child or neglected their parental responsibilities, and evidence suggests that the child’s welfare is at risk, a nonparent guardian may be appointed to ensure the child’s safety and well-being. In cases where a parent is deemed unfit due to issues like substance abuse, mental illness, or criminal behavior, the court may opt to appoint a nonparent guardian to protect the child from harm.

Published on: March 20, 2024

Court determined that the ICPC does not apply to out-of-state, noncustodial parents seeking custody of their children. D.L. v. S.B. 2022 N.Y. Slip Op. 5940 (N.Y. 2022)

by Stephen Bilkis

D.L. v. S.B. 2022 N.Y. Slip Op. 5940 (N.Y. 2022) concerns the interpretation of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC) regarding out-of-state, noncustodial parents seeking custody of their children who are in the custody of New York social services agencies. The key question revolves around whether the ICPC applies to such situations.

The ICPC is an agreement among U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It establishes procedures and requirements for the interstate placement of children who are in need of foster care or adoption services. The primary goal of the ICPC is to ensure that when a child is placed across state lines, they are provided with suitable care and protection, and that all relevant parties involved in the placement process comply with the necessary legal and administrative standards.

Background Facts

Published on: March 13, 2024

In a guardianship case, the court considered whether there was justification for waiving service of process upon the father. In re TN 2020 N.Y. Slip Op. 50548 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 2020)

by Stephen Bilkis

In In re TN 2020 N.Y. Slip Op. 50548 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 2020), a case about the guardianship of a minor child, significant constitutional rights were at stake. The petitioner, acting on behalf of the maternal aunt seeking guardianship of the child, filed a motion to waive service of process upon the child’s father. This motion raised critical questions regarding due process and a parent’s fundamental right to the care and custody of their child.

In a guardianship proceeding in New York, the requirement of service of process is a critical component of safeguarding the due process rights of all involved parties, particularly the parents. When initiating a guardianship petition, the petitioner must ensure that proper notice is served upon all interested parties, including the parents of the child in question.

Service of process involves delivering a copy of the petition and relevant legal documents to the respondent or respondents, typically by personal delivery. This step ensures that parents, who are typically considered interested parties in guardianship proceedings, are informed of the legal action being taken and are given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings.